Ether Explained – Chapter 4: The Decentralized Autonomous Organisaion (DAO)
29 July 2019Reading time: 7 minutes
Vontobel
now offers investors access to the crypto currency «Ether». But what is Ether?
And why has the second best-known crypto currency gained so much popularity in
such a short time? In eight chapters, we want to give you high-quality
knowledge about the exciting topic of «Ether».
It all started
with «The DAO», a decentralized autonomous organization that collected over USD
150 million in Ether in a public crowdsale. The DAO wanted to revolutionize the
financial system by allowing investors to invest decentrally in projects. However,
in 2016, someone hacked The DAO. After the attack, eventful weeks followed that
went down in crypto history as the «DAO Wars». We want to explain the reason
for the DAO hacker attack, how the community dealt with it and its consequences.
Before the Hack: The Foundation of The DAO
The Decentralized Autonomous Organisation («The
DAO») was implemented via a Smart Contract in the Ethereum blockchain.
The DAO is a company with no management and no headquarters, created through a
crowdfunding campaign. Investors use Ether to receive shares in the form of
«DAO token» that provide them voting rights. In digital elections, they
democratically decide in which companies and projects (DApps) the DAO should
invest in. It’s basically a decentralized venture capital fund that should
finance all future DApps.There are no bosses. Just the code. Consequently, The
DAO inspires thousands. Through crowdfunding, it sold shares worth USD 150
million within 28 days after its foundation in May 2016 and was set up like a
hedge fund. At that time, 14% of all Ether issued so far were invested in it. In
comparison, the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter so far just collected USD 20
million. Before the crowdsale, Ethereum had a market capitalization of USD 500
million. In the weeks during the crowdsale, the market capitalization doubled
to over USD 1 billion.
The way the DAO worked was quite simple: if you wanted to have a say in a
DApp that is funded, you would have to buy DAO tokens for a certain amount of
Ether. The DAO tokens were indicators that the investor is now part of the DAO
system. The approval and creation of a DApp then works as follows: First, it
must be added to the «white list» by the curators, who are important
decision-makers. After receiving the approval, it is elected by the DAO token
holders. If 20% of DAO token holders approve the proposal during the vote, the
DApp receives the necessary funding to start operation.
But how can you leave the DAO? What if a DApp is approved that you are not
convinced with? In order to make an exit possible, there is a so-called «split
function», with which you can get back the Ether you have invested and even
create your own «Child DAO». However, there was a condition in the contract
that you had keep your Ether for 28 days after the spin-off from the DAO before
you could spend it. Many saw this as a possible security issue. However, the
DAO creators did not see any problems in it. Then the hacker attack followed
which ended Ethereum's success story for the time being.
The DAO hack and the vote on the «hard fork»
On 17 June 2016, someone exploited this vulnerability in the DAO and
cracked Ethereum's original code in a hacker attack. Ether worth USD 50 million
were stolen from the blockchain. The thieves could never be identified. It must
have been an insider who knew the programming language of the Ethereum
blockchain very well. The attacker abused a function that was supposed to
protect investors. Whoever rejects an investment of the DAO, for which the
majority has decided, can deduct his shares. They then move into a sub-account,
the «Child DAO». The hacker carried out this process constantly without the
system noticing that he had already deducted his shares worth USD 50 million.
For some it was theft and an attack on «The DAO». For the others, it was
nothing more than simply executing a programming code. But the majority of the
community panicked. However, there was another protective function: The system blocks
a Child DAO for 28 days before someone can finally withdraw his shares and
liquidate them. The deadline was 16 July 2016, so there was time to stop the
hacker.
It is important to understand that the hack happened because of a problem
in the DAO, not because of Ethereum itself. Ethereum runs in the background,
while DAO runs on it. Gavin Wood, co-founder of Ethereum, commented: Blaming
Ethereum for the DAO hack is like saying «The Internet is broken» every time a
website breaks down. While Ethereum can’t be responsible for what happened to
the DAO, the event has destroyed the beliefs people had in crypto currencies in
general. The price for Ether fell from USD 20 to USD 13.
After extensive debates, discussions and hate speeches, they considered how
to fix the bug in the blockchain and they set up a contingency plan. There was
an open voting procedure for all eligible voters. Either you save the USD 150
million investment or you accept the losses. 90% of the voters voted to make a
clear cut. The old blockchain was ended and a new one was created via a «hard
fork». The new crypto platform now operates under the name Ethereum (ETH). The
majority has thus decided to save the USD 150 million. But until an agreement
was reached, there were heated debates about possible solutions:
After the DAO hack: Three possible solutions
Although the hacker stole USD 50 million worth of Ether, they were still in
the Child DAO. The attacker couldn't access it yet, because the DAO smart
contract explicitly made it clear that any of the invested Ether taken from the
DAO would be inaccessible for 28 days. So, the Ethereum community had time to
evaluate three possible solutions:
1. Nobody
does anything
2. Soft Fork
3. Hard Fork
1. Nobody
does anything
Some Ethereum followers argued that any changes would violate the nature
and underlying philosophy of Ethereum itself. The Ethereum blockchain is
supposed to be unchangeable and the code is law. Many people were not satisfied
with it, but the majority initially voted to use a so-called «soft fork».
2. Soft Fork
A soft fork can be imagined as an update of a software that is downward
compatible. For example, you are running MS Excel 2005 and want to open a
spreadsheet created in MS Excel 2016. You can still open it because MS Excel
2016 is downward compatible. But all updates that you can enjoy in the newer
version are not available in the older version. That's what Ethereum had in
mind with its blockchain: a soft fork where you can choose whether to update or
not. The idea was to completely block the Ether that had been stolen by the
hacker by ignoring and eliminating all blocks containing a transaction that
would help the hacker to finally confiscate the stolen Ether.
The majority was in favor, but then a problem arose that put the community
in a different dilemma: implementing a soft fork would lead to a «denial of service»
(DoS). All mining activities carried out through complex calculations are
rewarded in the Ethereum ecosystem. The more time-consuming and difficult the
calculation, the higher the reward. Miners are thus protected from DoS attacks.
If someone decides to attack the network, they flood it with transactions that
interact with the DAO and require difficult calculations. The attacker can have
the miners perform endlessly complex calculations for little or no reward. As a
result, there was only one solution: the hard fork.
3. Hard Fork
The main difference between a soft fork and a hard fork is that it is not
downward compatible. Once it is used, there is no turning back. If you don't
join the updated version of the blockchain, you won't get access to the new
updates. A hard fork separates a branch from the main blockchain at a certain
point (in this case just before the DAO attack). Up to this point (block
1,920,000), the old chain and the new chain are the same, but immediately after
the hard fork, the two chains become completely different units. The new chain
was called «Ethereum» or «ETH». This hard fork was mainly done to refund all
the investors through a refund smart contract. All DAO investors were able to
exchange their DAO tokens at a fixed price and received 1 ETH per 100 DAO
tokens. All they had to do was to update their software.
The Ethereum users, who felt that a rescue was not necessary, simply
refrained from upgrading their software for hard forking. In this way, these
miners have created a blockchain without "The DAO Implementation" and
thus created two separate blockchains.
Conclusion: The formation of two crypto
currencies
This
hard fork caused a big controversy in the community. The people who were
«anti-hard fork» refused to switch to the new blockchain. They decided to stay
in the old blockchain and called it «Ethereum Classic» or «ETC». And here we
come to the battle raging in the Ethereum community: the battle between ETC and
ETH. In the next chapter you will learn the exact differences between these two
crypto currencies.
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23/10/2019 23:59:36